PITH:
To marine biologists, the giant squid is especially _______, as it has never been seen alive, making it
virtually impossible to study in its natural habitat.
Always read the meter dials from the right to the left. This procedure is much easier, especially if any of
the dial hands are near the zero mark. If the meter has two dials, and one is smaller than the other, it is
not imperative to read the smaller dial since it only registers a small amount. Read the dial at the right first.
As the dial turns clockwise, always record the figure the pointer has just passed. Read the next dial to the
left and record the figure it has just passed. Continue recording the figures on the dials from right to left.
When finished, mark off the number of units recorded. Dials on water and gas meters usually indicate the
amount each dial records.
Always read the meter dials-
INSOLVENT:
ITINERANT:
FISH : AQUARIUM ::
In 1892 the Sierra Club was formed. In 1908 an area of coastal redwood trees north of San Francisco was
established as Muir Woods National Monument. In the Sierra Nevada mountains, a walking trail from
Yosemite Valley to Mount Whitney was dedicated in 1938. It is called John Muir Trail. John Muir was born
in 1838 in Scotland. His family name means "moor," which is a meadow full of flowers and animals. John
loved nature from the time he was small. He also liked to climb rocky cliffs and walls. When John was
eleven, his family moved to the United States and settled in Wisconsin. John was good with tools and
soon became an inventor. He first invented a model of a sawmill. Later he invented an alarm clock that
would cause the sleeping person to be tipped out of bed when the timer sounded. Muir left home at an
early age. He took a thousand-mile walk south to the Gulf of Mexico in 1867and 1868. Then he sailed for
San Francisco. The city was too noisy and crowded for Muir, so he headed inland for the Sierra Nevadas.
When Muir discovered the Yosemite Valley in the Sierra Nevadas, it was as if he had come home. He
loved the mountains, the wildlife, and the trees. He climbed the mountains and even climbed trees during
thunderstorms in order to get closer to the wind. He put forth the theory in the late 1860's that the
Yosemite Valley had been formed through the action of glaciers. People ridiculed him. Not until 1930 was
Muir's theory proven correct. Muir began to write articles about the Yosemite Valley to tell readers about
its beauty. His writing also warned people that Yosemite was in danger from timber mining and sheep
ranching interests. In 1901 Theodore Roosevelt became president of the United States.
He was interested in conservation. Muir took the president through Yosemite, and Roosevelt helped get
legislation passed to create Yosemite National Park in 1906.
Although Muir won many conservation battles, he lost a major one. He fought to save the Hetch Valley,
which people wanted to dam in order to provide water for San Francisco.
In the late 1913 a bill was signed to dam the valley. Muir died in 1914. Some people say losing the fight to
protect the valley killed Muir.
What happened last?
The Galapagos Islands are in the Pacific Ocean, off the western coast of South America.
They are a rocky, lonely spot, but they are also one of the most unusual places in the world. One reason is
that they are the home of some of the last giant tortoises left on earth. Weighing hundreds of pounds,
these tortoises, or land turtles, wander slowly around the rocks and sand of the islands. Strangely, each of
these islands has its own particular kinds of tortoises. There are seven different kinds of tortoises on the
eight islands, each kind being slightly different from the other. Hundreds of years ago, thousands of
tortoises wandered around these islands. However, all that changed when people started landing there.
When people first arrived in 1535, their ships had no refrigerators. This meant that fresh food was always
a problem for the sailors on board.
The giant tortoises provided a solution to this problem. Ships would anchor off the islands, and crews
would row ashore and seize as many tortoises as they could. Once the animals were aboard the ship, the
sailors would roll the tortoises onto their backs. The tortoises were completely helpless once on their
backs, so they could only lie there until used for soups and stews. Almost 100,000 tortoises were carried
off in this way. The tortoises faced other problems, too. Soon after the first ships, settlers arrived bringing
pigs, goats, donkeys, dogs and cats. All of these animals ruined life for the tortoises.
Donkey and goats ate all the plants that the tortoises usually fed on, while the pigs. Dogs and cats
consumed thousands of baby tortoises each year. Within a few years, it was hard to find any tortoise
eggs-or even any baby tortoises. By the early 1900s, people began to worry that the last of the tortoises
would soon die out. No one, however, seemed to care enough to do anything about the problem. More
and more tortoises disappeared, even though sailors no longer needed them for food. For another fifty
years, this situation continued. Finally, in the 1950s, scientist decided that something must be done. The
first part of their plan was to get rid of as many cats, dogs and other animals as they could.
Next, they tried to make sure that more baby tortoises would be born. To do this, they started looking for
wild tortoise eggs. They gathered the eggs and put them in safe containers. When the eggs hatched, the
scientists raised the tortoises in special pens. Both the eggs and tortoises were numbered so that the
scientists knew exactly which kinds of tortoises they had-and which island they came from. Once the
tortoises were old enough and big enough to take care of themselves, the scientists took them back to
their islands and set them loose. This slow, hard work continues today, and, thanks to it, the number of
tortoises is now increasing every year.
What happened last?
Many great inventions are greeted with ridicule and disbelief. The invention of the airplane was no
exception. Although many people who heard about the first powered flight on December 17,1903, were
excited and impressed, others reacted with peals of laughter. The idea of flying an aircraft was repulsive
to some people. Such people called Wilbur and Orville Wright, the inventors of the first flying machine,
impulsive fools.
Negative reactions, however, did not stop the Wrights. Impelled by their desire to succeed, they continued
their experiments in aviation. Orville and Wilbur Wright had always had a compelling interest in
aeronautics and mechanics. As young boys they earned money by making and selling kites and
mechanical toys. Later, they designed a newspaper-folding machine, built a printing press, and operated
a bicycle-repair shop. In 1896, when they read about the death of Otto Lilienthal, the brother's interest in
flight grew into a compulsion. Lilienthal, a pioneer in hang-gliding, had controlled his gliders by shifting his
body in the desired direction. This idea was repellent to the Wright brothers, however, and they searched
for more efficient methods to control the balance of airborne vehicles. In 1900 and 1901, the Wrights
tested numerous gliders and developed control techniques. The brothers' inability to obtain enough lift
power for the gliders almost led them to abandon their efforts. After further study, the Wright brothers
concluded that the published tables of air pressure on curved surfaces must be wrong.
They set up a wind tunnel and began a series of experiments with model wings. Because of their efforts,
the old tables were repealed in time and replaced by the first reliable figures for air pressure on curved
surfaces. This work, in turn, made it possible for them to design a machine that would fly. In 1903 the
Wrights built their first airplane, which cost less than one thousand dollars. They even designed and built
their own source of propulsion- a lightweight gasoline engine. When they started the engine on December
1 7, the airplane pulsated wildly before taking off. The plane managed to stay aloft for twelve seconds,
however, and it flew one hundred twenty feet. By 1905 the Wrights had perfected the first airplane that
could turn, circle, and remain airborne for half an hour at a time. Others had flown in balloons or in hang
gliders, but the Wright brothers were the first to build a full-size machine that could fly under its own power.
As the contributors of one of the most outstanding engineering achievements in history, the Wright
brothers are accurately called the fathers of aviation.
The Wright's interest in flight grew into a ____.
What if someone told you about a kind of grass that grows as tall as the tallest trees? A grass that can be
made as strong as steel? A grass from which houses, furniture, boats, and hundreds of other useful things
can be made? A grass that you would even enjoy eating? Would you believe that person? You should, for
that grass is bamboo, the "wood" of 1,001 uses. Bamboo may look like wood, but it is part of the family of
plants that includes wheat, oats, and barley. It is a kind of grass. This grass is not just a material for
making useful products. Young bamboo is eaten, often mixed with other vegetables, in many Asian foods.
Bamboo grows in many parts of the world. In the United States it grows in an area from Virginia west to
Indiana and south to Florida, Louisiana, and Texas. Most bamboo, however, is found in warm, wet
climates, especially in Asia and on the islands of the South Pacific Ocean. In most Asian countries,
bamboo is nearly as important as rice. Many Asians live in bamboo houses. They sit on bamboo chairs
and sleep on bamboo mats. They fence their land with bamboo and use the wood for cages for chickens
and pigs. Bamboo is used to build large buildings as well as homes. When it is glued in layers, it becomes
as strong as steel. On some islands in the South Pacific, bamboo is even used for water pipes. This
extraordinary material has many other uses. It is used to make musical instruments, such as flutes and
recorders. Paper made from bamboo has been highly prized by artists for thousands of years. Bamboo is
light and strong, and it bends without breaking. It is cheap, floats on water, almost never wears out, and is
easy to grow. Nothing else on earth grows quite so fast as bamboo. At times you can even see it grow!
Botanists have recorded growths of more than three feet in just twenty-four hours! Bamboo is hollow and
has a strong root system that almost never stops growing and spreading. In fact, only after it flowers, an
event that may happen only once every thirty years, will bamboo die. There are more than a thousand
kinds of bamboo. The smallest is only three inches tall and one-tenth of an inch across. The largest
reaches more than two hundred feet in height and seven inches in diameter. No wonder, then, that the
lives of nearly half the people on earth would change enormously if there were no longer any bamboo. No
wonder, too, that to many people bamboo is a symbol of happiness and good fortune.
What is the main idea of this passage?
DIATRIBE : BITTERNESS ::
The qualities expected of a professional musician seem _______, for she must be studious, disciplined,
and technically impeccable while bringing passion and _______ to each performance.
INNOVATION : PRECEDENT ::
SYNERGIZE:
DAM : DELUGE ::